AFFF Firefighter Foam Navy | History and Health Risks

The U.S. Navy has utilized Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) for over five decades. Due to its widespread usage, more than 700 military sites across 50 states are known or suspected of PFAS contamination, according to the Environmental Working Group (EWG). 

AFFF is particularly effective in extinguishing fires involving flammable liquids such as jet fuel and oil. Its capacity to create a thin, protective film over the liquid surface aids in fire suppression and prevents re-ignition. However, it was discovered that AFFF contains per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which harm the environment and human health. 

What Is the Historical Usage of AFFF in the U.S. Navy?

Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) has a long history in the U.S. Navy, spanning several decades. Let’s explore the historical use of AFFF in the Navy.

Early Development (1960s)

In the 1960s, the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) collaborated with the 3M Company to explore synthetic chemicals, specifically per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in firefighting foams to improve the suppression of hydrocarbon fuel-based fires. The NRL utilized 3M’s perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), known as C8, and used it to make Teflon, along with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), the primary component of Scotch Guard, to create the Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF).

Initial Use (1960s-1970s)

In the late 1960s, the U.S. Navy mandated that all its vessels carry AFFF, the fire suppressant developed by the Navy. In the 1970s, the Department of Defense also started using AFFF to combat dangerous fuel fires at military installations. By the late 1970s, AFFF was heavily utilized by the military and adopted by over 90 U.S. airports and numerous civilian fire departments.

In the mid-1970s, an innovative type of AFFF known as aqueous film-forming polar foam emerged. This specialized foam tackled hydrocarbon-based fires and proved effective in combating fires caused by water-soluble solvents like alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, thinners, and other flammable liquids. This polar foam is known as “alcohol-resistant (A.R.) foam.”

Peak Use (1980s)

Continuous research and development efforts led to advancements in AFFF formulations and application methods. The use of AFFF peaked in the 1980s. It was due to several factors, such as the increasing use of jet fuel in the Navy, the growing availability of AFFF, and the perception that AFFF was a safe and effective fire suppressant.

Following its initial collaboration with the Naval Research Laboratory, the 3M Company became the exclusive supplier of AFFF to the military, providing the product from around 1962 until 1982. Subsequently, from 1983 to 1988, both 3M and Ansul Inc. supplied AFFF firefighting foam to the military.

Concerns About Health Risks (1990s-Present)

During the 1990s, growing concerns arose regarding the potential health risks of Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) exposure. These concerns emerged due to the presence of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known to be environmentally persistent and capable of accumulating in the human body.

Research conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established links between PFAS exposure and various health issues, including cancer, thyroid disease, and reproductive problems.

Alternatives of AFFF (2000s-Present)

The Navy and other military departments began addressing the environmental and health risks of AFFF containing PFAS chemicals. It raised awareness and efforts to find safer alternatives to minimize the risks posed by these toxic substances.

As a result, the Naval Research Laboratory is trying to find a replacement for AFFF that is just as effective at combating fires but does not contain any PFAS.

According to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) shall not be used at any military installation on or after October 1, 2024. DOD also suggested U.S. Navy some alternatives to AFFF, such as:

1. Ignitable liquid drainage floor
2. High-Expansion foam
3. Trench nozzles
4. Water mist

What Are the Health Risks of AFFF Firefighter Foam Exposure?

Exposure to Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) can pose health risks, primarily due to the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in its formulation.

Here are some potential health effects associated with AFFF exposure:

1. Cardiovascular Disorders

PFAS can accumulate in the capillaries and arteries over time. The body’s ability to eliminate these chemicals is limited, leading to bioaccumulation, causing severe cardiovascular disorders such as heart attack.

2. Hormonal Disruption

PFAS compounds can interfere with hormone function in the body, potentially affecting reproductive and thyroid hormones. Hormonal disruption can lead to various health issues, including fertility problems and disruptions in the endocrine system.

3. Liver Damage

Studies conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have suggested a link between high levels of PFAS exposure and liver damage. Long-term exposure to PFAS has been associated with an increased risk of liver dysfunction and liver disease.

Similarly, excessive PFAS chemicals in the liver can disturb its detoxification process. This can lead to inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver. Eventually, damaging the liver and impair its functioning.

4. Immune System Suppression

Studies by the National Library of Medicine have shown that PFAS exposure can interfere with the production and function of immune cells, including white blood cells that help fight off infections. As a result, the body’s ability to defend against harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens can be compromised. A weakened immune response can increase the risk of infections, prolonged illness, and difficulty in recovering from common illnesses.

5. Increased Cancer Risk

Researchers have identified specific PFAS compounds as potential carcinogens. A study conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has found associations between PFAS exposure and the following types of cancer:

• Kidney Cancer
• Testicular Cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Thyroid Cancer
• Childhood Leukemia

6. Developmental and Reproductive Issues

According to studies conducted by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), exposure to PFAS has been linked to adverse developmental issues in children, including delayed growth and development. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting negative impacts on fetal development during pregnancy.

7. Other Health Problems

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have linked PFAS chemicals to various health problems, including:

• Increased cholesterol levels
• Changes in liver enzymes
• Decrease in infant birth weights
• Decreased vaccine response in children
• Increased risk of high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia in pregnant women

Are You a Navy Veteran Who Is Exposed to AFFF? Consult Uptown Injury

If you or a loved one has been affected by AFFF exposure and are considering filing a firefighter cancer lawsuit, Uptown Injury Law Firm is here to help. Our experienced team of AFFF attorneys specializes in mass tort cases. We will provide you with the expert guidance and support you need to win the compensation you deserve. 

Don’t navigate the legal process alone. Contact us today or call us at 855-233-8728 to schedule a FREE consultation. Let us assist you in filing a firefighter cancer lawsuit.

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